Four Leaders and Their Management Styels - 1382 Words

Four Leaders and Their Management Styles When a mass of people, organisation, country or a whole world gets influenced by leadership quality of a person, then the person is said to be a leader. Leader is the one who guides and shapes the actions and opinions of others. Leader is one who represents the views and feelings of others or the one is able to change the way others think. Successful leaders are those who have their own leadership qualities and effective management principles and at least have a determination to change something for the sake of people. Management styles vary from one leader to another. Two common examples of management styles can be taken as autocratic and democratic. When we talk about the greatest leaders of the†¦show more content†¦Mandela is popular owing his dedication to South Africa to fight against Apartheid government and his charity fund. One of the great style of his management included showing up himself as good communicator. This managerial style had helped Mandela in being good leader. During his prison he used to talk with young activists and encourage them to leave violence and move over to his view of non-violence. Similarly, he was persuasive and his persuasion was able to affect other prisoners and even the guards. Other important quality which was included in Mandela was patience which makes him completely different from Adolf Hitler. His patience helped him to be able to have long negotiations with government. Moreover, Nelson Mandela was ambitious but his ambition was for every people of his country rather than himself. His ambition was to destroy Apartheid which he did but this took him almost 50 years of his life. These leadership qualities and management made him one of the greatest leaders of the world which also made him the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1993. Leaving back the politics and the leaders of the kind if we talk about modern world and technology a leader rose from nowhere to give the technological world a completely different look. His name is Steve Jobs, the former CEO of Apple Company. Jobs saved Apple from failure and revolutionised the computing industry while making a lot of money in the process. However, he did hisShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Style Of The 21st Century1435 Words   |  6 Pages It is apparent in the history of management that it is common for supervisors to embrace the most current fad under the guise that they are going to be ahead of the competition. New books are always hitting the market touting new theories and new styles of management that are proven to be successful. Even out of the three most common leadership styles, authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire, the latter, is still considered a fad and too risky. Laissez-faire (french for leave us alone )

The, Cognitive, Emotional And Socio Cultural Domains From...

The Individual Development Narrative This essay will discuss one person’s lifespan development from conception up to nineteen years of age, when adolescents become more independent and explore different opportunities in their life. This essay will discuss an interviewee’s physical, cognitive, emotional and socio-cultural domains from prenatal to adolescence stage. The information collected is conducted from a real life interview, and will explore the four domains and how they overlap and interrelate each other. It will use theories from Bowlby, Erikson, Perry, Vygotsky’s and Piaget. This essay will commence by identifying socio-cultural domain, nature vs nurture for prenatal development, emotional domain for infancy stage, physical domain for early childhood, stating how the domains overlap during middle childhood and lastly how the cognitive domain influences adolescence stage. For the purpose of this assignment the interviewee will be known as, Steve Wilson due to confidentiality. Prenatal means t hings relating to the medical care of women during pregnancy (Reverso, 2014). According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, he stated that it emphasis on how culture, beliefs and values are conveyed to the next generation (Berk, 2014). For example, Steve was told by his parents that they wanted him to grow up and learn the piano from his granddad so he can obtain a culturally valued skill by interacting with an older, more experienced member of his own culture. Steve stated thatShow MoreRelatedCurrent Perspectives Of Psychology And Human Development Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesrelating to theories of lifespan development from birth through to my adolescent stage. This includes looking at the understanding and major theoretical perspectives of psychology and human development, its process and the influences of domains on human development across the lifespan and how they interrelate. The domains of development including Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Socio-cultural /or moral. Also some of the human lifespan stages are Prenatal (prior to birth), Infancy (0-2yrs), EarlyRead MoreEssay about Lifespan Development and Eriksons Stages of Development1644 Words   |  7 Pagesis essential, as it is the changes that happen to us throughout a person’s lifespan. Our development occurs at ages stages where we develop from infancy till death. This essay will contain my life story to display the domains in 5 age stages in my lifespan development. The domains I will be exploring is in this essay is physical, emotional, cognitive, social, cultural and moral domain. The influence of biological and environmental play a significant role in my development. Development is influencedRead MoreThe Influences On Lifespan Development Essay1780 Words   |  8 Pages(Reference this). The major domains of development include physical, cognitive, emotional and moral. The aim of this paper is to analyse the influences on lifespan development from the time of conception through to 18 years of age. This can be achieved by understanding the domains of development and relating the theories of lifespan development to real life examples. The domains of development that will be discussed through the paper are physical, cognitive, emotional and socio-cultural/moral. The natureRead MoreMy Life From A Theoretical Perspective Essay2134 Words   |  9 Pagesvarious stages and occurrences in life, which in one way or the other shape their being into what they are today. Actually, this is the reason why sociologists argue that we are the product of our environment, implying that every human behavior emanated from what they saw or experienced in life. In relation to this, this paper will discuss at length about my individual development narrative, and go a notch higher to explain every occurrence/stage in my life from a theoretical perspective. Prenatal stageRead MoreCommunication And Health And Social Care9509 Words   |  39 Pagesassociation (Pavlov, 1927). 2) Operant conditioning (voluntary behavior) where learning is by positive or negative reinforcement [stimuli-response] (Skinner, 1938). 3) Social learning theory where learning is by imitation of others (Bandura, 1973) 4) Cognitive learning theories where learning is based on the thought processes of the individual (Bruner, 1978); Piaget, 1936). 5) Insight learning (Gestalt theory) where learning is through thinking and problem solving (Kohler, 1947) Communication is important

The Medical Elective Medical Training Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(152) " cover a big assortment of medical specialty, and it would be good to hold a broad scope of experience after a really specialized surgical arrangement\." The medical elective is an of import portion of medical preparation and calling. It can besides be an exciting chance to see wellness attention systems of different states and research countries of medical specialty that I have peculiar involvements in. My initial programs are to hold the elected arrangement abroad, ideally in two separate locations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Medical Elective Medical Training Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Language is an of import factor in taking the states as I would wish to be able to pass on with the patients and physicians. Out of all the English speech production states, I think it would be an interesting experience to see a less developed state or a less developed part within a developed state. The other half of the elected I would take a developed state and comparison and contrast the two wellness systems. I want the fond regards to be chiefly clinical based as I can use the accomplishments in general medical specialty and other forte I have learnt during the two old ages of clinical preparation. I would non wholly decline the chance to blend in some clinical based research, but I am cognizant that research undertakings may take some clip to organize and may besides necessitate excess resources input, such as permission from patients and aid from other staff, from the finish infirmary and establishments. In footings of safety during travel, although I have travelled to assorted states, but I have ne’er travelled or organised travel on my ain. Safety in footings of personal properties, nutrient and drink and personal safety should be put into consideration. If possible, holding the arrangement with a friend would be ideal. As all the 4th twelvemonth King ‘s medical pupils are traveling on electives this summer, happening a spouse traveling to the same topographic points should be rather possible. Having merely came back from vacation in America, the idea of traveling back for the elective to hold a on the job experience over in the States appeared rather attractive. The US has a really different wellness attention system comparison to the UK. To see their physicians, the patients over in America would necessitate to hold private wellness insurance which can be a really dearly-won payment. It would be interesting to see how the in private funded wellness system impacting patient experience compared to the NHS in the UK. America is a large state and this makes taking the location a spot more hard. To acquire an thought about where usually make medical pupils travel for electives in America, I searched on the Elective Abstract System on Virtual Campus. USA seems to be a really popular state for King ‘s pupils to travel for electives as there is a immense list of infirmary and establishment for all fortes. The popular finishs are the major metropoliss like New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and etc. Majority of the infirmaries do non accept international pupils for elected straight, a few smaller clinics do, but the cost is really high and they seem to be really specialized. Feedbacks from pupils are besides assorted, most are happy with their experience, but non everyone had a hands-on experience. Access to patients can be a job sometimes in some forte clinics, and most times are spent on detecting. Using to medical schools can besides be hard as a batch of American medical pupil are besides l ooking for elected arrangements and the disposal fee entirely can be $ 100 for the application entirely. After those research and farther idea, I was somewhat put off by the thought of traveling to the States. Alternatively of traveling entirely, it would be a better manner to go with a friend. Culadeeban ( Deeban ) Ratneswaran, another King ‘s 4th medical pupil was looking for a spouse for electives and I have worked with him during my abdominal rotary motion in 3rd twelvemonth. Deeban was in the procedure of organizing a research undertaking about respiratory medical specialty in Singapore which involved some informations aggregation. He needed a spouse to work with on the undertaking and we decided to make the elected arrangements together. We came across a paper written by Dr Deborah Ng and her co-workers, titled: â€Å" consciousness of smoking hazards and attitudes towards in writing wellness warning labels on coffin nail battalions: a cross-cultural survey of two populations in Singapore and Scotland † . We were believing about emulating this survey ourselves, looking into the cross-cultural differences between Singapore and London, alternatively of Scotland. We will utilize a questionnaire attack to roll up the information as oppose to interviews because we want to roll up as much informations as possible while still working on the clinical side of the arrangement during the elected period. We besides emailed Dr Ng on farther advice about her survey and she kindly contacted the caput of respiratory section she was working under in Singapore, Professor Sin Fai Lam. Professor Sin agreed to give us 4 hebdomads arrangement in Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in the respiratory section and at the same clip let us entree to patients for the research undertaking. In order to transport out this undertaking we besides require moralss blessing and this demand to be applied by a qualified physician. We were told that Professor Sin ‘s squad is instead busy and unable to perpetrate their clip for the ethical blessing. We are still committed for the clinical arrangement in Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, and at this phase we are seeking alternate ways to acquire the ethical blessing, perchance from another section or another infirmary. For the 2nd half of the elected, we did non desire to go excessively far out of the parts. This is partially to salvage cost and besides clip spent on travel. So we applied for a few posters in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. Hospital Kuala Lumpur kindly accepted our applications for a 4 hebdomad long posting in the general medical specialty section. This would cover a big assortment of medical specialty, and it would be good to hold a broad scope of experience after a really specialized surgical arrangement. You read "The Medical Elective Medical Training Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" I can besides utilize this clip to acquire more experience in fortes that we merely had limited exposure so far, for illustration, ENT, dermatology and ophthalmology. Word Count: 1004 Career Section Self-assessment During my pre-clinical surveies in Cambridge, I had really limited exposure to existent clinical pattern so I kept an unfastened head about which forte I would wish to prosecute for future calling. I exhaustively enjoyed larning anatomy in first twelvemonth of medical specialty, and peculiarly the clip spent in dissection lab. What appealed to me is that I would read about certain parts of the organic structure and the following twenty-four hours I can hold the hands-on chance to recap the cognition to visualize it in existent life. The clinical survey offered better chances in calling geographic expedition. Throughout the assorted rotary motions, I found surgery fascinating and I ‘m ever enthusiastic to go to theatre Sessionss. Although, as a medical pupil, most of the clip spent in theater is to detect the operations but I was more than lament to scour in to help when asked. I besides enjoyed the type of squad work in surgery where each person has a clearly defined and alone function in the operating theater. Career research geographic expedition and treatments The Medical Specialty Training web site ( 1 ) is a good starting point for callings research as it provides information on all fortes within medical specialty. After medical school, every physician has to travel through two foundation old ages and use for forte preparations, these can be medical, surgical, psychopathology and list of run through fortes. For the surgical fortes, there are two Core Surgical Training old ages to be completed foremost. Then there is another application procedure for the 3rd twelvemonth ( CT3 ) , which is for a sub-specialty, for illustration, cardiothoracic surgery. The competition information shows that surgery is a extremely popular pick, though the competition for other fortes can be every bit ferocious. I have besides attended the Specialty Fair hosted by Royal College of Medicine. It was aimed for both medical pupils and foundation twelvemonth physicians and it had a whole scope of fortes on show. Having talked to a figure of the physicians from assorted fortes, orthopedic surgery peculiarly stood out for me. It is a surgical forte concerned with castanetss, articulations and their motion. It covers both hurt and other diseases, for illustration, congenital and degenerative. I think it can be an highly rewarding calling where I can set patients back after terrible injury or reconstruct independency by alleviating creaky articulation hurting, both can genuinely transform the patient ‘s life. Figure 1. Orthopedic surgery. From www.sussexotc.nhs.uk Having non done the rotary motion for orthopedic surgery and injury, I wanted some early gustatory sensation for the forte and the 2011 National Undergraduate Trauma Conference provided the perfect juncture. The conference gave great penetration into the calling options available in injury and orthopedic surgery. The workshops lead by experient physicians in the field besides allowed the pupil to pattern some of the skilled involved, for illustration, laparoscopy. Using your elected to research your options I think the elected period will be an first-class clip to research my country of involvement and callings option. For the first half of my elected in Singapore, I will be passing four hebdomads in the orthopedic section in a really modern infirmary. There are five advisers in the section, all of which are trained in the UK so they will hold a reasonably good apprehension of the degree of preparation I ‘m presently at and what would profit me the most during this poster. By this phase I would hold done my orthopedic surgery fond regard, and extra exposure in this field will reinforcement and hopefully farther develop the cognition and accomplishment I already have. I should besides do the most out of this chance to acquire every bit much practical experience as possible in larning the basic surgical techniques and direction of the common instances encountered in orthopedicss. For the 2nd half the elected in Kuala Lumpur, although I ‘m officially posted under general medical specialty, in world the infirmary is really flexible for the elected pupils. The adviser who is oversing me during the poster has no job with elected pupils doing usage of the clip in Hospital Kuala Lumpur to acquire a broad scope of experience. Personal contemplation on calling thoughts/decisions to day of the month The big calling pick medical specialty offers makes the determination really hard, particularly most fortes requires drawn-out preparation. In order to do a steadfast determination on which way to take, careful research needs to be done to do certain that I am clear in my ends, altering calling way in medical specialty and re-start preparation can be really boring. I think at this phase of developing it is really hard to hold a clear image of what I want to make. While larning about the different subjects in medical specialty can be rather different when work on them. Although it does give some penetration about what it is like to work in that field. To this day of the month, I am really inclined towards surgery for my future calling. Bing able to straight see the job, keeping the breakage or experiencing the obstruction so repairing the job utilizing your custodies is really hearty. It requires drawn-out preparation and new accomplishments are invariably acquired even after making. I ever find it exciting to scrubbing-up, operating, or largely as a medical pupil, helping in theater. There is a huge array of subspecialties on offer, from urogenital medicine to plastic surgery. Some factors will be common to all fortes, but each will hold their ain set of challenges and demands. Orthopedic surgery is the most appealing subspecialties in surgery, it can be really physical but there are many specialist tools available to cut down the demand for inordinate force. The on-call agenda is comparatively demanding as accidents can go on any clip of the twenty-four hours. In contrast with ENT surgery where more of the surgeries are elected with really small exigency work so the working hours can be rather flexible. Through the class, I am going more informed about the different calling options and have got a better thought of what kind of calling I want, though non confident plenty to do a concluding determination. At the same clip I should non go narrow minded and ignore the other countries of medical specialty, because I may yet detect other new involvements. Word Count: 1018 Global Health Section Global wellness is a subject in medical specialty derived from public wellness and international wellness. It has been defined as â€Å" an country for survey, research and pattern that places a precedence on bettering wellness and accomplishing equity in wellness for all people worldwide ( 2 ) † . It is a field joins the medical and societal scientific discipline subjects, including human ecology, economic sciences, epidemiology and many others. It uses wellness informations such as life anticipation and infant mortality rate to mensurate the wellness jobs present in an country. It besides emphasises on wellness issues such as HIV/AIDS and malaria that can hold a planetary economical and political impact. What is equity in wellness? Health equity among states and within a state or community is a major issue in planetary wellness. The publicity of societal and economic equity and decrease of wellness disparities has been a cardinal subject in domestic public wellness, international wellness, and planetary wellness ( 2 ) . Equity of wellness can be confused with equality of wellness. Health equity focuses on the distribution of resources and other procedures that drive a peculiar sort of inequality between more and less advantaged groups, in other words, wellness inequality that is unjust or unfair ( 3 ) . Not all wellness disparities are unjust ( 4 ) , for illustration, we would anticipate immature grownups are healthier than the aged and work forces have prostate jobs whereas adult females do n’t. However, if the difference arises from immunization degree or nutritionary position, so it would do concern from an equity position ( 3 ) . More late, Braveman and Gruskin defined wellness equity as â€Å" absence of systematic disparities in wellness between different societal groups. Unfairnesss in wellness consistently put groups of people who are already socially disadvantaged ( for illustration, by virtuousness of being hapless, female, and/or members of a disfranchised racial ethnic or spiritual group ) at farther disadvantage with regard to their wellness ; wellness is indispensable to wellbeing and to get the better ofing other effects of societal disadvantage. † ( 3 ) Financing of wellness attention Financing of wellness attention is a major factor in equity of wellness attention, it is the activity of raising or roll uping gross to pay for the operation of a wellness attention system ( 5 ) . The conventional classs for fiscal beginnings are revenue enhancement, societal wellness insurance, private wellness insurance and out-of-pocket payments. Depending on the wellness attention system there are many fluctuations in the funding beginnings, for illustration, societal wellness attention insurance can be implemented on a national degree or a community degree and it can either be compulsory or voluntary ( 6 ) . Equity in wellness attention funding is assessed by the grade of inequality in paying for wellness attention between families of unequal Ability To Pay ( ATP ) ( 7 ) . Policy shapers in assorted states seem to be building wellness attention financing harmonizing to ATP. The Ministry of Health ( MOH ) in Malaysia subscribes to this scheme by suggesting that the state ‘s part to the new national wellness financing strategy to be related to ATP ( 8 ) . Malayan wellness attention system The cardinal rule of the Malaysian wellness attention system is that the handiness to wellness attention is non to be related to ATP, peculiarly in the event of illness ( 9 ) . The Malayan wellness attention system has seen great betterment over the past old ages. During the period of 1990 to 2005, life anticipation at birth increased significantly: males from 69.0 to 71.8 old ages and females from 73.5 to 76.2 old ages ; infant mortality rate fallen from 13.5 to 5.1 per 1000 ( 8 ) . Malaysia was ranked at 49 from 191 WHO member states ( 10 ) , which assessed the overall wellness public presentation against the three aims of good wellness, reactivity and just fiscal part. Malaysia ‘s public presentation at just fiscal part is comparatively low ( 122-123 out of 191 WHO member states ) compared to the other two aims ( 10 ) . In Malaysia, the populace and private wellness services co-exist. The authorities provides public wellness services through public infirmaries and wellness clinics. Private wellness attention complement the medical services provided by the authorities and its outgrowth is driven by demand. The wellness system overall is preponderantly revenue enhancement financed. The national outgo showed that authorities subsidises 58.2 % of the support in public sector whilst the balance of 41.8 % is financed by the private sector in 2003 ( 11 ) . The support are from five chief beginnings: direct revenue enhancements, indirect revenue enhancements, Employee Provident Fund ( EPF ) and Social Security Organisation ( SOCSO ) parts, private insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments ( 6 ) . Those financess are transferred straight or indirectly to either public or private installations. Figure 2. Households ‘ Financial Contributions to Health Care System in Malaysia. From ( 6 ) . Many parametric quantities and techniques are available in the appraisal of equity of funding in a peculiar wellness attention system. Progressivity measures the divergence from proportionality in the relationship between wellness payment and ATP ( 12 ) . A progressive system means that the persons or families with greater ATP are paying more proportionately in funding wellness attention. The Kakwani ‘s progressiveness index ( 13 ) is a widely used tool in public finance to measure equity. The value ranges from -2 in the most regressive system to +1 in the most progressive system, 0 agencies that the system is relative and wellness payments account for the same proportion of income, irrespective of the person ‘s income ( 14 ) . A research carried out by Yu et Al ( 6 ) employed information from Household Expenditure Survey ( HES ) Malaysia 1998/99 indicated that the five finance beginnings in Malaysia have produced a imperfect system which is regarded as just. Malaysia â⠂¬Ëœs Kakwani ‘s progressiveness index mark compares really favorably to other revenue enhancement financed wellness attention systems in both development and developed states ( 6 ) . This determination contradicts the WHO World Health Report 2000, in which an older informations beginning from 1980s was used compared to the 1998/99 figures used in the new study. The two different findings besides indicate betterment in the equity of fiscal part in the wellness attention system during this clip. Although the finance of wellness attention can be regarded as just in Malaysia, there are other unfairnesss. Many among the hapless fail to seek wellness service due to go and chance costs. The private travel costs incurred to seek intervention have been high and besides increased at a higher rate compared to household income ( 15 ) . The hapless besides live farther from medical installations and have to pass more to go compared to the rich ( 15 ) . From the instance of Malaysia we can see that achieve equity in wellness attention can be really hard. The state has a really just manner to finance the wellness attention system but jobs remains in the distribution of service. Besides the turning proportion of private finance beginnings will do an escape of skill medical forces from the populace sector which will make farther entree unfairnesss. Word count: 1104 Final Aims and Aims Experience wellness attention systems in different states. The two states that I ‘m sing will hold rather different systems to each other and the UK. It would be interesting to see what can be learnt from each and what can we make to better our ain wellness system. Practice the clinical accomplishments acquired in the past two old ages and hopefully get some new accomplishments that can be used in the hereafter. This can be a good clip to retouch on all the clinical accomplishments which will be needed during fond regards in the 5th twelvemonth and foundation occupations. Use this chance to research calling options. More exposure in orthopedic surgery will hopefully beef up my aspiration towards surgical callings. Use the clip in Kuala Lumpur to acquire more exposure to fortes that I have n’t had much exposure, for illustration, ENT and dermatology. To carry on the research undertaking, this is still pending on ethical blessing. This is an chance to pattern how to transport out clinical researches, which is a utile accomplishment to hold regardless of the forte I will be come ining. If the research is approved and everything else goes good, it can be a good opportunity to hold some work published early in the calling. Word count: 207 History of Elective Plans Singapore Since my elective is split into two halves, I shall speak about each individually. My first finish is Singapore. Officially known as the Republic of Singapore, it is a metropolis province and besides an island state. Situated off the southern tip of the Malay peninsula, separated from Malaya by the Strait of Johor. It is the universe ‘s 4th taking finance Centre and the 3rd busiest port. Figure 3. Singapore skyline at dark from www.panorami.com With a population of merely over 5 million and being one of the smallest states in the universe, its population denseness is the 3rd highest in the universe. Merely 2.9 million of its population are born locally, 43 % ( 16 ) . Singapore is a multicultural state, the 2010 nose count ( 17 ) indicates that bulk of population being cultural Chinese ( 74.1 % ) , with 13.4 % Malays, 9.2 % Indians. There are four official linguistic communications in Singapore: English, Mandarin, Tamil and Malay. English is the on the job linguistic communication and all physicians are trained in English. The largest faith is Buddhism ( 44.2 % ) , Christianity and Islam are the other chief faiths with 18.3 % and 14.7 % severally ( 17 ) . Figure 4. The Merlion, a symbol of Singapore. This fabulous animal is a capturing loanblend of a king of beasts and a fish. From www.travelerfolio.com Singapore has a cosmopolitan health care system where the authorities ensures affordability. Most care outgo ( 68.1 % ) ( 18 ) is provided by the private sector, and the remainder is from the authorities. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( 18 ) , Singapore has the lowest infant mortality rate ( 3 in 1000 ) and it besides has one of the highest life anticipations at birth ( 80 old ages ) . Singapore has â€Å" one of the most successful health care systems in the universe, in footings of both efficiency in funding and the consequences achieved in community wellness results † ( 19 ) . The system uses a combination of mandatory nest eggs from salary tax write-offs, founded by the workers and employers, a means-tested authorities subsidies for those in fiscal adversity and a national insurance strategy to cover major and drawn-out unwellnesss ( 19 ) . Although really successful, this peculiar health care system is â€Å" hard to retroflex in other states † , chi efly because the comparatively little population of 5 million on a concentrated piece of land, so the planning of the health care substructure is much easier comparing to larger states ( 19 ) . There are 13 private infirmaries, 10 authorities founded infirmaries and a figure of other specializer clinics. Khoo Teck Puat Hospital ( KTPH ) is the newest public infirmary in Singapore, built to function the health care needs of more than 650,000 peopleA who live and work in the North of the city.A The infirmary was officially opened in November 2010, the entire cost of development was $ 674m ( 20 ) , $ 125m of which was donated by the late Khoo Teck Puat ‘s household, who was wealthiest adult male in Singapore. KTPH is a territory general infirmary consists of 19 wards with 550 beds, with a six-storey Specialist Outpatient Clinic block, and an eight-storey edifice lodging the private wards and a 10-storey subsidized tower ( 20 ) . KTPH is besides actively involved in medical instruction and supply clinical instruction to medical pupils from Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore ( 20 ) . Figure 5. Khoo Teck Puat Hospital. From www.flickr.com Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Malaysia is situated in South East Asia, separated into two parts by the South China Sea into Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo, besides known as West and East Malaysia severally. The Peninsular Malaysia was known as Malaya, gained independency from Britain in 1975, so united with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore to organize Malaysia in 1963. However in 1965, Singapore withdrew from the federation and formed an independent state. The entire population of Malaysia is merely over 28 million ( 21 ) , Malays and other Bumiputera groups make up 65 % of the population, Chinese 26 % , Indians 7.1 % and other cultural groups 1 % ( 22 ) . The distribution of population across the state is instead uneven with approximately 80 % life in Peninsular Malaysia ( 21 ) . There are 137 living linguistic communications spoken in Malaysia ( 23 ) . Bahasa Malaysia, a standardised from of Malay is the official linguistic communication. English was the official administrative linguistic communication before Malaysia ‘s independency and remained to be widely used, particularly in service industries and other work topographic points. So communicating should non be an issue during the elected. Islam is the largest and the official faith with 60.4 % of the population, Buddhism and Christianity are the other chief faiths with 19.2 % and 9.1 % followerss severally. Figure 6. Map of Malaysia. From www.cia.gov Kuala Lumpur is the capital and the largest metropolis in the state with a population of 8 million in the metropolitan country ( 24 ) . The name literally means â€Å" boggy estuary † in Malay It has developed from a hovel town lodging mineworkers from the nearby Sn mine in mid nineteenth century to be dominated by the tallest skyscrapers in Southeast Asia and flower with the returns of international trade and commercialism. Kuala Lumpur is a really diverse metropolis in footings of human ecology, faith and civilization with historic temples and mosques sitting aboard futuristic towers. This diverseness attracts tourers from all over the universe, and I am certain I will hold plentifulness to make and see in my free clip. Figure 7. Kuala Lumpur at dawn with Petronas Towers ruling the skyline. From kualalumpurhotels.travel Hospital Kuala Lumpur is the largest infirmary in Malaysia and one of the largest in Asia. It is situated on 150 estates of land with 83 wards and 2302 beds. It employs a immense staff of 7000 workers, including 200 advisers and specializers with 500 registrars and house officers ( 25 ) . The infirmary is situated at the Centre of the metropolis, and was built in 1870 and consisted of merely 3 wards. Since so, it has been invariably upgraded and in 1997 it has completed upgrading its Institute of Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine ( 25 ) . HKL besides plays an of import function in developing wellness professionals. As it is the chief instruction infirmary for medical pupils from the National University of Malaysia the staff will be more than capable to supply a worthwhile acquisition experience and hence it is a really popular pick among elected pupils. Many fifth pupils spent their electives in HKL exhaustively enjoyed their posters. As it is a immense infirmary there are so many different sections I can see and most physicians are more than happy for you to fall in their squad for a twenty-four hours regardless the section you are posted under. Figure 8. The Thean Hou Temple is one of the largest Chinese Buddhist temples in Kuala Lumpur. Officially opened in 1989, it is dedicated to Tian Hou ( The Heavenly Mother ) . From www.flickr.com Word count: 1092 Personal Safety, Health and Wellbeing For personal safety issues about the states I am about to see for the electives, I foremost checked the Foreign and Commonwealth Office web site for some general advice. For Singapore, â€Å" there is an underlying menace from terrorist act. Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in topographic points frequented by exiles and foreign travelers † ( 26 ) .This means there is a low degree of known terrorist activity. So from terrorist act concern point of position, Singapore is possibly safer than the UK. FCO besides states that violent offense is rare, but travelers should be cognizant of street offense such as bag-snatching. This sort of activity occurs more often in tourist country such as airdromes, I think I should exert same sort of cautiousness as I would in all big metropoliss. The FCO peculiarly highlighted that â€Å" the offenses of indignation of modestness ( molestation ) can ensue in a all right, gaol or bodily penalty ( the Calamus rotang cane ) . Travelers are advised to avoid any action that could be interpreted as molestation. Scams affecting false claims of molest are thought to be † ( 26 ) . This should non be a major concern as most people would exert common sense non to do any offense, though this does alarm traveler to the state that certain misbehaviors that would be dealt laxly in the UK can take to really serious penalty in Singapore. The menace of terrorist act is somewhat more serious in Malaysia, FCO listed it as a state with â€Å" general menace of terrorist act † and â€Å" some degree of known terrorist activity † ( 26 ) .The FCO besides warned against travel to the east Sabah part of the state as there â€Å" are indicants that both condemnable and terrorist groups are be aftering violent Acts of the Apostless against foreign tourers † ( 26 ) in that country. The last incidence affecting foreign subjects was in 2003 and there are no other reported incidences since. East Sabah is in east Malaysia, far from the capital metropolis Kuala Lumpur, and I have no programs to go to that portion of the state. In footings of insurance during elected period and other travels that may follow, I have ever purchased travel insurance to cover my flights to and from place during the holiday period. I have been with Insure A ; Go for a figure of old ages, it ‘s a really dependable company and their one-year multi-trip policy is really comprehensive. The insurance bundle costs ?70 per twelvemonth, which includes cancellation, personal properties, luggage, paperss and whole scope of other screens. One of import screen I should foreground is the medical screen. As if for any ground I fall ill during the elected or the period spent going after the elected, I would be cover for the local wellness service if it ‘s needed. The wellness attention systems in Singapore is mostly in private founded so the cost it would be rather expensive, and the National University of Singapore requires all incoming elected pupils to hold medical insurance during the elected period. I have besides checked wit h the insurance company that the â€Å" medical elective † is covered as portion of the travel insurance as it can be a gray country between vacation travel and working travel. They have confirmed that the elective is covered by this policy. Professional insurance or malpractice insurance is besides required by the arrangement in Singapore. I have joined the Medical Protection Society since first twelvemonth of medical school but I have ne’er required their service. If I keep on following the counsel as I have been in the UK during the clinical surveies, professional insurance should non be of concern. I understand the medical pattern in different wellness systems and different civilization can change, patients ‘ outlook and apprehension of the function of medical pupil can besides be rather different. While working with patients, whether on ward or clinic, I should explicate my function and do certain the patients understand who I am and what I ‘m making. At any point, if I am diffident about the ethical deductions of a certain pattern, for illustration, inquiring for consent from patient for scrutiny, I should confer with a senior member of the squad and inquire for advice for the recognized criterio n of pattern in that peculiar infirmary. Dengue febrility is known to happen in both Singapore and Malaysia ( 27 ) . There is no available inoculation or medical specialty to forestall this disease. The best step is to avoid mosquito bites by utilizing anti-mosquito sprays and picks. There is besides a hazard of malaria in Malaysia ( 27 ) , once more anti-mosquito steps should be used. In add-on, chemoprophylaxis should be used in concurrence. Chloroquine opposition is present in peninsular Malaysia, I shall take proguanil along with chloroquine. These drugs are available from most pharmaceuticss. Another major wellness concern for pupils traveling abroad for elected arrangement is the hazard of HIV exposure. The prevalence of HIV in Singapore and Malaysia are both really low. The latest figure shows that the prevalence of HIV in Malaysia is approximately 0.5 % and 0.15 % in Singapore, comparing to 0.35 % in the UK ( 28 ) . For the orthopedic surgery fond regard in Singapore, I will likely be in contact with blood while detecting or helping in theaters. Since the prevalence of HIV in Singapore is lower than this state, the hazard of exposure is really little. The fond regard in Kuala Lumpur would be based in the general medical specialty section, so the opportunities of contact with blood is minimum along with the low prevalence of HIV, the hazard of HIV exposure is once more really low. Hence, I ‘m non sing taking a post-exposure prophylaxis kit with me during the elected fond regard. One unwellness which I ‘m likely to endure from is traveler ‘s diarrhea. From experience, during about every abroad trip, I would hold traveler ‘s diarrhea at some phase. This is likely because I frequently like to seek the local nutrient and drinks and non afraid of eating unfamiliar things. To understate the hazard of holding diarrhea, of any kind, I should avoid feeding and imbibing in less reputable constitutions. As a safeguard I would besides take some loperamide tablets and anti-emetics in instance of diarrhea or more serious nutrient toxic condition. Word count: 998 How to cite The Medical Elective Medical Training Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Enhancing Maintenance Management Building -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Enhancing Maintenance Management Building? Answer: Introduction BIM is a process with a life cycle that has various actors and players including people, process, and technology. The people make decisions and generate inputs into the BIM process using various hardware and software tools. Process enables different actors to interact with BIM at different stages in the life cycle of a building, while technology enables important functions such as collaboration and exchange of ideas, in platforms such as cloud computing. Lean Construction is a concept that combines practical development and research in the design and construction field in which lean manufacturing practices and principles are adopted and used in the entire construction process life cycle (Xu, Ma and Ding, 2014). While manufacturing makes products, construction is a form of production based on projects. However, the two concepts of BIM and lean construction are a synergistic process psychology interacts to achieve objectives such as low cost, low wastage, and high quality construction. This section discusses the synergy between BIM elements of people, technology, and process, and lean construction critically, before making drawing conclusions (Enache-Pommer, Horman, Messner, Riley, 2010). The section starts by discussing the origins of the two concepts, before discussing the synergy between them Discussion: BIM and Lean Construction According to (Tauriainen, Marttinen, Dave, Koskela, 2016, p. 569), lean construction and BIM have existed as separate and independent entities for the past two decades. Both have origins traceable to academic studies; however, focus has shifted over time to practical and industrial application. At their inception and early stages, both the concepts had their own distinct networks of supporters and special interest groups and they were considered as having competing agendas (Bansal, 2015). In the past decade or so, practitioners attempting to implement both the concepts (lean construction and BIM) discovered that the two had considerable synergy. In its simplest definition, synergy refers to a whole that is greater and better than the sum of its components/ parts. The discovery that both lean construction and BIM, used together, could achieve even greater success in the built environment heralded the continued and increasing use of the two systems in a synergistic way. The two system s fit together like a nut and bolt, and together, achieve much more than each one applied separately (Clemente and Cachadinha, 2013). Linkages between BIM and Lean Construction BIM works on the principle that all processes and components in building structure are interconnected and interrelated; the materials used are related to their costs, the designs used have a direct relation to the frame and structural integrity of the building. The materials used are directly related to their manufacturer that also generates information about their quality, price, and usable lifespan (Sacks, Koskela, Dave, 2010). The materials and overall designs used impact the energy usage and sustainability of the building. The suppliers used have a direct relation to the expected lifespan of various facilities and equipment. A change in one of the elements affects some or all the other elements, for instance, changing the materials used in one section of the building changes its structural integrity, the suppliers, and the costs. As such, BIM is a process that generates a lot of data and information from inputs by various actors and systems, data and information that can be used to achieve lean construction principles (Lin et al., 2016). For instance, using BIM, materials can be sourced and be scheduled for delivery just when they are needed, while construction process simulations can help plan for construction in such a way that there are no additional costs associated with having to store materials until they are needed, or delaying works because materials are late in arriving. Further, because of interconnections between all elements in a building, using BIM ensures that costly reworks and materials wastage does not occur (Mah et al., 2011). There are four main linkages between Lean Construction and BIM, at least in an academic sense; first of all, BIM makes a direct contribution to lean principles. For example, BIM detects clashing ideas or components within a building structure and allows for such clashes between different principles of design to be eliminated (Bolpagni, Burdi, Ciribini, 2017). This detection and elimination of clashes results in reduced delays and re-works at the construction site. During the era where 2-D drawings were developed during design, inconsistencies in design became the single most significant causes of problems such as scope changes and re-works at construction sites (Mah et al., 2011). Therefore, through the use of BIM, reduces unnecessary problems and issues in building construction and management. Just by using BIM, lean construction is achieved without having to use or implement other lean construction principles. Secondly, lean methods and principles can be facilitated or supported t hrough the use of BIM. In this situation, the existing functionalities of BIM are systematically used to enable lean principles and procedures. For instance, the simulation of a construction sequence using a computer is used extensively as part of construction evaluation and collaborative site tasks planning. Further, views and illustrations derived from BIM can be utilized as tools for visual management; visual management is a pillar of lean construction. A common ground is then created between different actors in a design or construction process (Qi, 2016, p. 34). Third, BIM based tools and methods can be developed and utilized for the realization of lean objectives; the functionalities of BIM are augmented or extended in order to realize lean methods and principles in construction. At the heart of lean is rapid iterations; carbon footprint and cost calculation models obtain it directly from BIM models support the lean principle of rapid iteration. With the rapid evolution of mobile computing, have created new possibilities for BIM where information can be directly delivered to the work sections. Relevant parts of a building can now be viewed using a variety of software and this will enhance collaboration. Fourth, lean principles facilitate and enhance the introduction of BIM (Tauriainen, Marttinen, Dave, Koskela, 2016, p. 570). The emphasis on lean construction is predictability, collaboration, and discipline. All the benefits of BIM can be obtained from the features of lean construction because they are very suitable as tools that support t he introduction and implementation of BIM based principles and technologies, especially commercial solutions where pains and gains are shared; and organizational solutions that are created for the creation of a collaborative lean implementation environment. The four linkages have significant managerial implications for management in firms that participate in the projects and construction project management. Incremental preparation of the build model is done carefully, in a comprehensive and systematic manner to realize the benefits of both concepts. Further, lean construction should be implemented in parallel with BIM in order to realize the full benefits of the two concepts (Ahuja, Sawhney, Arif, 2017, p. 74). Lean Construction (LC) and BIM have several positive interactions; they lead to reduction in the variations to processes and cycle times, there is automation of some activities that are non-value adding, processes and products are increasingly being visualized, and they lead to increased collaboration. Further, the two enable advanced options for fabrication, rapid alternatives integration, and better capturing of value. The synergy between LC and BIM is not limited to just the design phase; it does extend to the entire construction life cycle of a building, especially with the advent of multi-dimensional BIM capabilities that include tie and cost (Hao, 2012, p. 52). The synergy between LC and BIM is most apparent during the design phase of the construction life cycle. The LC related priorities in concepts and design such as Set Based Design, target Value Design, Collaborative design, and Client Defined Value, among others, leverage the rapid generation of design alternatives and mul ti-trade coordination BIM capabilities extensively with few errors and mistakes. Other aspects of BIM that are leveraged include efficient constructability modeling, better design intent visualization, powerful simulation options, and advanced Pre-construction analyses. BIM use in supporting the goals of LC has been widening during the building construction phase. Multi-dimensional BIM is increasingly being integrated with existing information systems, such as ERP (enterprise resource planning), Virtual Reality, point cloud generations, and laser scanning (Vaux, 2016, p. 72). At present, last planner meetings benefit from BIM visualization, same as happens during stakeholder engagement and design briefs. Present BIM systems can help visualize the flow of construction, enabling better understanding of the different available alternatives and schedule/ cost control. BIM enables 5 D simulations for time, resources, constructability, and safety; the result is reduced RFIs (requests for information), reduced cycle times, increased safety for some work tasks, and reduced wastes. The image below represents the linkages between BIM and lean construction Case Study where BIM and Lean Construction Synergy was Successfully Implemented: The Amazon Arena in Brazil In 2014, Brazil was preparing to host the FIFA World Cup and was faced with serious challenges, including having the stadias and facilities ready on schedule. The FIFA World Cup quest was unique in that the tournament would for the first time be held in 12 different host cities spread over a country the size of a whole continent. One striking project was to build the Amazon Arena in the city of Manaus; the stadium would have the capacity of 44500 spectator seats. It was a bold engineering project utilizing several precast elements, a complex roof and facade structure covered with a membrane; it was among the largest construction projects in Brazil. The area has a unique environment characterized by high temperatures and relative humidity. The Design was contracted to the German Office GMP, and incorporates advanced sustainable architecture concepts, including the system for collecting rain water, leadership in energy and environmental design award, and high level reuse, in which 95% of removed/ demolished material in the previous stadium were reused by the contractor. Its metallic structure is complex and one of a kind (Mattos et al., 2017). In planning the stadium construction, factors such as realistic rates of productivity had to be taken into consideration. Skilled professionals were a shortage in the Manaus region and on site schools were opened to prepare various cadres of workers in the construction sector, from masons to equipment operators and carpenters. The distance between Manaus and major centers of construction equipment production, it was decided that precast materials would be used; the project required 67000 cubic meters of concrete. For purposes of planning, the team managing the project and other participants opted to use 4-D BIM where the first phase involved a 3-D illustration of the project in Google Sketch up and ArchiCAD software modules. After that, the team used Microsoft Project to attain the 4th dimension of BIM (where 3-D is used plus Time to attain 4-D). The use of BIM, especially 4-D BIM is still at a nascent stage in Brazil. Using 4-D BIM enabled the team to attain benefits in the project, including better management of logistics, checking accessibility, state of the art design, identification of clashes and interferences, simulation of construction and other scenarios, and viewing work status (construction progress). Further, using BIM enabled the team to generate animation of activities for filed teams instruction. The image below shows how 4-D BIM was used for planning and control (Mattos et al., 2017) The project had serious challenges and tight scope controls, based on the contracts signed between FIFA and the tournament host cities. There had to be compliance with all technical requirements and despite not spending any penny in the projects, FIFA and the COL (local organizing committee) would require changes to the original project at any given time, even if such scope changes result in changes in schedule and project costs. Changes occurred during project detailing, initiated either by FIFA or the COL. For instance, the stadium visibility curve was changed during the execution phase of the project so that the stands could be adapted to new parameters. Advertising signs, for instance had their heights increased to 1m from 0.9 m while distance to field boundary was reduced to 4m from 5m. These may look like small changes, but they are very significant I a project of such magnitude. FIFA determined that all fans must be able to see the ball on the football pitch from a 20 meter he ight (Mattos et al., 2017). These scope changes resulted in significant changes to job quantities and materials requirements as the table below illustrates; The requirement for compliance with LID certification led to further scope changes; these cumulative scope changes had a significant impact on project schedule, cost, and scope. The deadlines were strict and short; the only way the project team, including the designers and contractors could deliver was through the use of value engineering based on BIM and lean construction principles. Value engineering analyses were prepared for negotiating with the host cities, the project owners where innovative technical solutions were used to offset the effects of scope change. The selection of slabs, materials, reinforcement, poles, cranes containment, and drainage systems was done through value engineering based on BIM. The cast in place slabs and beams had to be changed to precast elements, enabling greater flexibility and adaptation during construction. Lean Construction principles were employed in the project because the date of completion could not be changed. The team used the LIE (lean op erational excellence) principles of lean construction so as to significantly reduce wastes and generate a method for managing work processes that was quick and effective. The result was reduced costs and increased productivity; helping offset the major scope and cost changes. Lean production focuses on waste reduction, value addition, and prioritization of activities, with focus being placed on eliminating work considered unnecessary and/ or not adding value. Using LOE, activities of certain tasks were evaluated based on value adding activities, hidden/ necessary wastes, and evident wastes. LC was applied to the precast plant, reinforcing steel plant, the laboratory, and cast in place concrete. These were enhanced through BIM and collaboration as well as high level visualization and simulation of construction processes through BIM. The result was that the project objectives and deliverables were met, being finished in time and within budget, with high quality construction (Mattos et al., 2017); this is a clear case where BIM and LC synergy helped in excellent project execution and management, Conclusion BIM and LC are highly synergistic due several positive interactions between them; BIM makes a direct contribution to lean principles. Lean methods and principles can be facilitated or supported through the use of BIM. BIM based tools and methods can be developed and utilized for the realization of lean objectives; and lean principles facilitate and enhance the introduction of BIM. 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IFC for Revit / Discussion / General Discussion:Project Base Point, Survey Point and IFC Origin Elevation .. [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://sourceforge.net/p/ifcexporter/discussion/general/thread/b41ee565/?limit=25 Singh, V., Gu, N. and Wang, X. (2011). A theoretical framework of a BIM-based multi-disciplinary collaboration platform.Automation in Construction, 20(2), pp.134-144. Smith, D. and Tardif, M. (2012). Building Information Modeling: A Strategic Implementation Guide. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Su, Y., Lee, Y. and Lin, Y. (2016).Enhancing Maintenance Management Using Building Information Modeling in Facilities Management. [ebook] Taipei: National Taipei University of Technology, pp.752-753. Available at: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC23734.pdf [Accessed 4 Mar. 2018]. Tauriainen, M., Marttinen, P., Dave, B., Koskela, L. (2016). The Effects of BIM and Lean Construction on Design Management Practices. 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